Web Application Development Tutorial - Part 10: Book to Author Relation

Introduction

We have created Book and Author functionalities for the book store application. However, currently there is no relation between these entities.

In this tutorial, we will establish a 1 to N relation between the Author and the Book entities.

Add Relation to The Book Entity

Open the Books/Book.cs in the Acme.BookStore.Domain project and add the following property to the Book entity:

public Guid AuthorId { get; set; }

Database & Data Migration

Added a new, required AuthorId property to the Book entity. But, what about the existing books on the database? They currently don't have AuthorIds and this will be a problem when we try to run the application.

This is a typical migration problem and the decision depends on your case;

• If you haven't published your application to the production yet, you can just delete existing books in the database, or you can even delete the entire database in your development environment.
• You can update the existing data programmatically on data migration or seed phase.
• You can manually handle it on the database.

We prefer to delete the database since this is just an example project and data loss is not important. Since this topic is not related to the ABP, we don't go deeper for all the scenarios.

Change the Data Seeder

Since the AuthorId is a required property of the Book entity, current data seeder code can not work. Open the BookStoreDataSeederContributor in the Acme.BookStore.Domain project and change as the following:

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Acme.BookStore.Authors;
using Acme.BookStore.Books;
using Volo.Abp.Data;
using Volo.Abp.DependencyInjection;
using Volo.Abp.Domain.Repositories;

namespace Acme.BookStore;

public class BookStoreDataSeederContributor
    : IDataSeedContributor, ITransientDependency
{
    private readonly IRepository<Book, Guid> _bookRepository;
    private readonly IAuthorRepository _authorRepository;
    private readonly AuthorManager _authorManager;

    public BookStoreDataSeederContributor(
        IRepository<Book, Guid> bookRepository,
        IAuthorRepository authorRepository,
        AuthorManager authorManager)
    {
        _bookRepository = bookRepository;
        _authorRepository = authorRepository;
        _authorManager = authorManager;
    }

    public async Task SeedAsync(DataSeedContext context)
    {
        if (await _bookRepository.GetCountAsync() > 0)
        {
            return;
        }

        var orwell = await _authorRepository.InsertAsync(
            await _authorManager.CreateAsync(
                "George Orwell",
                new DateTime(1903, 06, 25),
                "Orwell produced literary criticism and poetry, fiction and polemical journalism; and is best known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)."
            )
        );

        var douglas = await _authorRepository.InsertAsync(
            await _authorManager.CreateAsync(
                "Douglas Adams",
                new DateTime(1952, 03, 11),
                "Douglas Adams was an English author, screenwriter, essayist, humorist, satirist and dramatist. Adams was an advocate for environmentalism and conservation, a lover of fast cars, technological innovation and the Apple Macintosh, and a self-proclaimed 'radical atheist'."
            )
        );

        await _bookRepository.InsertAsync(
            new Book
            {
                AuthorId = orwell.Id, // SET THE AUTHOR
                Name = "1984",
                Type = BookType.Dystopia,
                PublishDate = new DateTime(1949, 6, 8),
                Price = 19.84f
            },
            autoSave: true
        );

        await _bookRepository.InsertAsync(
            new Book
            {
                AuthorId = douglas.Id, // SET THE AUTHOR
                Name = "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy",
                Type = BookType.ScienceFiction,
                PublishDate = new DateTime(1995, 9, 27),
                Price = 42.0f
            },
            autoSave: true
        );
    }
}

The only change is that we set the AuthorId properties of the Book entities.

Delete existing books or delete the database before executing the DbMigrator. See the Database & Data Migration section above for more info.

You can now run the .DbMigrator console application to seed the initial data.

Application Layer

We will change the BookAppService to support the Author relation.

Data Transfer Objects

Let's begin from the DTOs.

BookDto

Open the BookDto class in the Books folder of the Acme.BookStore.Application.Contracts project and add the following properties:

public Guid AuthorId { get; set; }
public string AuthorName { get; set; }

The final BookDto class should be following:

using System;
using Volo.Abp.Application.Dtos;

namespace Acme.BookStore.Books;

public class BookDto : AuditedEntityDto<Guid>
{
    public Guid AuthorId { get; set; }

    public string AuthorName { get; set; }

    public string Name { get; set; }

    public BookType Type { get; set; }

    public DateTime PublishDate { get; set; }

    public float Price { get; set; }
}

CreateUpdateBookDto

Open the CreateUpdateBookDto class in the Books folder of the Acme.BookStore.Application.Contracts project and add an AuthorId property as shown:

public Guid AuthorId { get; set; }

AuthorLookupDto

Create a new class, AuthorLookupDto, inside the Books folder of the Acme.BookStore.Application.Contracts project:

using System;
using Volo.Abp.Application.Dtos;

namespace Acme.BookStore.Books;

public class AuthorLookupDto : EntityDto<Guid>
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

This will be used in a new method that will be added to the IBookAppService.

IBookAppService

Open the IBookAppService interface in the Books folder of the Acme.BookStore.Application.Contracts project and add a new method, named GetAuthorLookupAsync, as shown below:

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Volo.Abp.Application.Dtos;
using Volo.Abp.Application.Services;

namespace Acme.BookStore.Books;

public interface IBookAppService :
    ICrudAppService< //Defines CRUD methods
        BookDto, //Used to show books
        Guid, //Primary key of the book entity
        PagedAndSortedResultRequestDto, //Used for paging/sorting
        CreateUpdateBookDto> //Used to create/update a book
{
    // ADD the NEW METHOD
    Task<ListResultDto<AuthorLookupDto>> GetAuthorLookupAsync();
}

This new method will be used from the UI to get a list of authors and fill a dropdown list to select the author of a book.

BookAppService

Open the BookAppService class in the Books folder of the Acme.BookStore.Application project and replace the file content with the following code:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq.Dynamic.Core;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Acme.BookStore.Authors;
using Acme.BookStore.Permissions;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Volo.Abp.Application.Dtos;
using Volo.Abp.Application.Services;
using Volo.Abp.Domain.Repositories;

namespace Acme.BookStore.Books;

[Authorize(BookStorePermissions.Books.Default)]
public class BookAppService :
    CrudAppService<
        Book, //The Book entity
        BookDto, //Used to show books
        Guid, //Primary key of the book entity
        PagedAndSortedResultRequestDto, //Used for paging/sorting
        CreateUpdateBookDto>, //Used to create/update a book
    IBookAppService //implement the IBookAppService
{
    private readonly IAuthorRepository _authorRepository;

    public BookAppService(
        IRepository<Book, Guid> repository,
        IAuthorRepository authorRepository)
        : base(repository)
    {
        _authorRepository = authorRepository;
        GetPolicyName = BookStorePermissions.Books.Default;
        GetListPolicyName = BookStorePermissions.Books.Default;
        CreatePolicyName = BookStorePermissions.Books.Create;
        UpdatePolicyName = BookStorePermissions.Books.Edit;
        DeletePolicyName = BookStorePermissions.Books.Create;
    }

    public async override Task<BookDto> GetAsync(Guid id)
    {
        var book = await Repository.GetAsync(id);
        var bookDto = ObjectMapper.Map<Book, BookDto>(book);

        var author = await _authorRepository.GetAsync(book.AuthorId);
        bookDto.AuthorName = author.Name;

        return bookDto;
    }

    public async override Task<PagedResultDto<BookDto>>
        GetListAsync(PagedAndSortedResultRequestDto input)
    {
        //Set a default sorting, if not provided
        if (input.Sorting.IsNullOrWhiteSpace())
        {
            input.Sorting = nameof(Book.Name);
        }

        //Get the IQueryable<Book> from the repository
        var queryable = await Repository.GetQueryableAsync();

        //Get the books
        var books = await AsyncExecuter.ToListAsync(
            queryable
                .OrderBy(input.Sorting)
                .Skip(input.SkipCount)
                .Take(input.MaxResultCount)
        );

        //Convert to DTOs
        var bookDtos = ObjectMapper.Map<List<Book>, List<BookDto>>(books);

        //Get a lookup dictionary for the related authors
        var authorDictionary = await GetAuthorDictionaryAsync(books);

        //Set AuthorName for the DTOs
        bookDtos.ForEach(bookDto => bookDto.AuthorName =
                            authorDictionary[bookDto.AuthorId].Name);

        //Get the total count with another query (required for the paging)
        var totalCount = await Repository.GetCountAsync();

        return new PagedResultDto<BookDto>(
            totalCount,
            bookDtos
        );
    }

    public async Task<ListResultDto<AuthorLookupDto>> GetAuthorLookupAsync()
    {
        var authors = await _authorRepository.GetListAsync();

        return new ListResultDto<AuthorLookupDto>(
            ObjectMapper.Map<List<Author>, List<AuthorLookupDto>>(authors)
        );
    }

    private async Task<Dictionary<Guid, Author>>
        GetAuthorDictionaryAsync(List<Book> books)
    {
        var authorIds = books
            .Select(b => b.AuthorId)
            .Distinct()
            .ToArray();

        var queryable = await _authorRepository.GetQueryableAsync();

        var authors = await AsyncExecuter.ToListAsync(
            queryable.Where(a => authorIds.Contains(a.Id))
        );

        return authors.ToDictionary(x => x.Id, x => x);
    }
}

Let's see the changes we've done:

• Added [Authorize(BookStorePermissions.Books.Default)] to authorize the methods we've newly added/overrode (remember, authorize attribute is valid for all the methods of the class when it is declared for a class).
• Injected IAuthorRepository to query from the authors.
• Overrode the GetAsync method of the base CrudAppService, which returns a single BookDto object with the given id.
• Overrode the GetListAsync method of the base CrudAppService, which returns a list of books. This code separately queries the authors from database and sets the name of the authors in the application code. Instead, you could create a custom repository method and perform a join query or take the power of the MongoDB API to get the books and their authors in a single query, which would be more performant.
• Created a new method: GetAuthorLookupAsync. This simple gets all the authors. The UI uses this method to fill a dropdown list and select and author while creating/editing books.

Object to Object Mapping Configuration

Introduced the AuthorLookupDto class and used object mapping inside the GetAuthorLookupAsync method. So, we need to add a new mapping definition inside the BookStoreApplicationAutoMapperProfile.cs file of the Acme.BookStore.Application project:

CreateMap<Author, AuthorLookupDto>();

Unit Tests

Some of the unit tests will fail since we made some changed on the AuthorAppService. Open the BookAppService_Tests in the Books folder of the Acme.BookStore.Application.Tests project and change the content as the following:

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Acme.BookStore.Authors;
using Shouldly;
using Volo.Abp.Application.Dtos;
using Volo.Abp.Modularity;
using Volo.Abp.Validation;
using Xunit;

namespace Acme.BookStore.Books;

public abstract class BookAppService_Tests<TStartupModule> : BookStoreApplicationTestBase<TStartupModule>
    where TStartupModule : IAbpModule
{
    private readonly IBookAppService _bookAppService;
    private readonly IAuthorAppService _authorAppService;

    protected BookAppService_Tests()
    {
        _bookAppService = GetRequiredService<IBookAppService>();
        _authorAppService = GetRequiredService<IAuthorAppService>();
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task Should_Get_List_Of_Books()
    {
        //Act
        var result = await _bookAppService.GetListAsync(
            new PagedAndSortedResultRequestDto()
        );

        //Assert
        result.TotalCount.ShouldBeGreaterThan(0);
        result.Items.ShouldContain(b => b.Name == "1984" &&
                                        b.AuthorName == "George Orwell");
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task Should_Create_A_Valid_Book()
    {
        var authors = await _authorAppService.GetListAsync(new GetAuthorListDto());
        var firstAuthor = authors.Items.First();

        //Act
        var result = await _bookAppService.CreateAsync(
            new CreateUpdateBookDto
            {
                AuthorId = firstAuthor.Id,
                Name = "New test book 42",
                Price = 10,
                PublishDate = System.DateTime.Now,
                Type = BookType.ScienceFiction
            }
        );

        //Assert
        result.Id.ShouldNotBe(Guid.Empty);
        result.Name.ShouldBe("New test book 42");
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task Should_Not_Create_A_Book_Without_Name()
    {
        var exception = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<AbpValidationException>(async () =>
        {
            await _bookAppService.CreateAsync(
                new CreateUpdateBookDto
                {
                    Name = "",
                    Price = 10,
                    PublishDate = DateTime.Now,
                    Type = BookType.ScienceFiction
                }
            );
        });

        exception.ValidationErrors
            .ShouldContain(err => err.MemberNames.Any(m => m == "Name"));
    }
}

• Changed the assertion condition in the Should_Get_List_Of_Books from b => b.Name == "1984" to b => b.Name == "1984" && b.AuthorName == "George Orwell" to check if the author name was filled.
• Changed the Should_Create_A_Valid_Book method to set the AuthorId while creating a new book, since it is required anymore.

The User Interface

The Book List

Book list page change is trivial. Open the Pages/Books/Index.js in the Acme.BookStore.Web project and add an authorName column between the name and type columns:

...
{
    title: l('Name'),
    data: "name"
},

// ADDED the NEW AUTHOR NAME COLUMN
{
    title: l('Author'),
    data: "authorName"
},

{
    title: l('Type'),
    data: "type",
    render: function (data) {
        return l('Enum:BookType.' + data);
    }
},
...

When you run the application, you can see the Author column on the table:

Create Modal

Open the Pages/Books/CreateModal.cshtml.cs in the Acme.BookStore.Web project and change the file content as shown below:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Acme.BookStore.Books;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Rendering;
using Volo.Abp.AspNetCore.Mvc.UI.Bootstrap.TagHelpers.Form;

namespace Acme.BookStore.Web.Pages.Books;

public class CreateModalModel : BookStorePageModel
{
    [BindProperty]
    public CreateBookViewModel Book { get; set; }

    public List<SelectListItem> Authors { get; set; }

    private readonly IBookAppService _bookAppService;

    public CreateModalModel(
        IBookAppService bookAppService)
    {
        _bookAppService = bookAppService;
    }

    public async Task OnGetAsync()
    {
        Book = new CreateBookViewModel();

        var authorLookup = await _bookAppService.GetAuthorLookupAsync();
        Authors = authorLookup.Items
            .Select(x => new SelectListItem(x.Name, x.Id.ToString()))
            .ToList();
    }

    public async Task<IActionResult> OnPostAsync()
    {
        await _bookAppService.CreateAsync(
            ObjectMapper.Map<CreateBookViewModel, CreateUpdateBookDto>(Book)
            );
        return NoContent();
    }

    public class CreateBookViewModel
    {
        [SelectItems(nameof(Authors))]
        [DisplayName("Author")]
        public Guid AuthorId { get; set; }

        [Required]
        [StringLength(128)]
        public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;

        [Required]
        public BookType Type { get; set; } = BookType.Undefined;

        [Required]
        [DataType(DataType.Date)]
        public DateTime PublishDate { get; set; } = DateTime.Now;

        [Required]
        public float Price { get; set; }
    }
}

• Changed type of the Book property from CreateUpdateBookDto to the new CreateBookViewModel class defined in this file. The main motivation of this change to customize the model class based on the User Interface (UI) requirements. We didn't want to use UI-related [SelectItems(nameof(Authors))] and [DisplayName("Author")] attributes inside the CreateUpdateBookDto class.
• Added Authors property that is filled inside the OnGetAsync method using the IBookAppService.GetAuthorLookupAsync method defined before.
• Changed the OnPostAsync method to map CreateBookViewModel object to a CreateUpdateBookDto object since IBookAppService.CreateAsync expects a parameter of this type.

Edit Modal

Open the Pages/Books/EditModal.cshtml.cs in the Acme.BookStore.Web project and change the file content as shown below:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Acme.BookStore.Books;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Rendering;
using Volo.Abp.AspNetCore.Mvc.UI.Bootstrap.TagHelpers.Form;

namespace Acme.BookStore.Web.Pages.Books;

public class EditModalModel : BookStorePageModel
{
    [BindProperty]
    public EditBookViewModel Book { get; set; }

    public List<SelectListItem> Authors { get; set; }

    private readonly IBookAppService _bookAppService;

    public EditModalModel(IBookAppService bookAppService)
    {
        _bookAppService = bookAppService;
    }

    public async Task OnGetAsync(Guid id)
    {
        var bookDto = await _bookAppService.GetAsync(id);
        Book = ObjectMapper.Map<BookDto, EditBookViewModel>(bookDto);

        var authorLookup = await _bookAppService.GetAuthorLookupAsync();
        Authors = authorLookup.Items
            .Select(x => new SelectListItem(x.Name, x.Id.ToString()))
            .ToList();
    }

    public async Task<IActionResult> OnPostAsync()
    {
        await _bookAppService.UpdateAsync(
            Book.Id,
            ObjectMapper.Map<EditBookViewModel, CreateUpdateBookDto>(Book)
        );

        return NoContent();
    }

    public class EditBookViewModel
    {
        [HiddenInput]
        public Guid Id { get; set; }

        [SelectItems(nameof(Authors))]
        [DisplayName("Author")]
        public Guid AuthorId { get; set; }

        [Required]
        [StringLength(128)]
        public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;

        [Required]
        public BookType Type { get; set; } = BookType.Undefined;

        [Required]
        [DataType(DataType.Date)]
        public DateTime PublishDate { get; set; } = DateTime.Now;

        [Required]
        public float Price { get; set; }
    }
}

• Changed type of the Book property from CreateUpdateBookDto to the new EditBookViewModel class defined in this file, just like done before for the create modal above.
• Moved the Id property inside the new EditBookViewModel class.
• Added Authors property that is filled inside the OnGetAsync method using the IBookAppService.GetAuthorLookupAsync method.
• Changed the OnPostAsync method to map EditBookViewModel object to a CreateUpdateBookDto object since IBookAppService.UpdateAsync expects a parameter of this type.

These changes require a small change in the EditModal.cshtml. Remove the <abp-input asp-for="Id" /> tag since we no longer need to it (since moved it to the EditBookViewModel). The final content of the EditModal.cshtml should be following:

@page
@using Acme.BookStore.Localization
@using Acme.BookStore.Web.Pages.Books
@using Microsoft.Extensions.Localization
@using Volo.Abp.AspNetCore.Mvc.UI.Bootstrap.TagHelpers.Modal
@model EditModalModel
@inject IStringLocalizer<BookStoreResource> L
@{
    Layout = null;
}
<abp-dynamic-form abp-model="Book" asp-page="/Books/EditModal">
    <abp-modal>
        <abp-modal-header title="@L["Update"].Value"></abp-modal-header>
        <abp-modal-body>
            <abp-form-content />
        </abp-modal-body>
        <abp-modal-footer buttons="@(AbpModalButtons.Cancel|AbpModalButtons.Save)"></abp-modal-footer>
    </abp-modal>
</abp-dynamic-form>

Object to Object Mapping Configuration

The changes above requires to define some object to object mappings. Open the BookStoreWebAutoMapperProfile.cs in the Acme.BookStore.Web project and add the following mapping definitions inside the constructor:

CreateMap<Pages.Books.CreateModalModel.CreateBookViewModel, CreateUpdateBookDto>();
CreateMap<BookDto, Pages.Books.EditModalModel.EditBookViewModel>();
CreateMap<Pages.Books.EditModalModel.EditBookViewModel, CreateUpdateBookDto>();

You can run the application and try to create a new book or update an existing book. You will see a drop down list on the create/update form to select the author of the book: