Dependency Injection

ABP's Dependency Injection system is developed based on Microsoft's dependency injection extension library (Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection nuget package). So, its documentation is valid in ABP too.

While ABP has no core dependency to any 3rd-party DI provider. However, it's required to use a provider that supports dynamic proxying and some other advanced features to make some ABP features properly work. Startup templates come with Autofac installed. See Autofac integration document for more information.

Modularity

Since ABP is a modular framework, every module defines its own services and registers via dependency injection in its own separate module class. Example:

public class BlogModule : AbpModule
{
    public override void ConfigureServices(ServiceConfigurationContext context)
    {
        //register dependencies here
    }
}

Conventional Registration

ABP introduces conventional service registration. You need not do anything to register a service by convention. It's automatically done. If you want to disable it, you can set SkipAutoServiceRegistration to true in the constructor of your module class. Example:

public class BlogModule : AbpModule
{
    public BlogModule()
    {
        SkipAutoServiceRegistration = true;
    }
}

Once you skip the auto registration, you should manually register your services. In that case, AddAssemblyOf extension method can help you to register all your services by convention. Example:

public class BlogModule : AbpModule
{
    public BlogModule()
    {
        SkipAutoServiceRegistration = true;
    }

    public override void ConfigureServices(ServiceConfigurationContext context)
    {
        context.Services.AddAssemblyOf<BlogModule>();
    }
}

The sections below explain the conventions and configurations.

Inherently Registered Types

Some specific types are registered to dependency injection by default. Examples:

• Module classes are registered as singleton.
• MVC controllers (inherit Controller or AbpController) are registered as transient.
• MVC page models (inherit PageModel or AbpPageModel) are registered as transient.
• MVC view components (inherit ViewComponent or AbpViewComponent) are registered as transient.
• Application services (inherit ApplicationService class or its subclasses) are registered as transient.
• Repositories (implement BasicRepositoryBase class or its subclasses) are registered as transient.
• Domain services (implement IDomainService interface or inherit DomainService class) are registered as transient.

Example:

public class BlogPostAppService : ApplicationService
{
}

BlogPostAppService is automatically registered with transient lifetime since it's derived from a known base class.

Dependency Interfaces

If you implement these interfaces, your class is registered to dependency injection automatically:

• ITransientDependency to register with transient lifetime.
• ISingletonDependency to register with singleton lifetime.
• IScopedDependency to register with scoped lifetime.

Example:

public class TaxCalculator : ITransientDependency
{
}

TaxCalculator is automatically registered with a transient lifetime since it implements ITransientDependency.

Dependency Attribute

Another way of configuring a service for dependency injection is to use DependencyAttribute. It has the following properties:

• Lifetime: Lifetime of the registration: Singleton, Transient or Scoped.
• TryRegister: Set true to register the service only if it's not registered before. Uses TryAdd... extension methods of IServiceCollection.
• ReplaceServices: Set true to replace services if they are already registered before. Uses Replace extension method of IServiceCollection.

Example:

[Dependency(ServiceLifetime.Transient, ReplaceServices = true)]
public class TaxCalculator
{
}

Dependency attribute has a higher priority than other dependency interfaces if it defines the Lifetime property.

ExposeServices Attribute

ExposeServicesAttribute is used to control which services are provided by the related class. Example:

[ExposeServices(typeof(ITaxCalculator))]
public class TaxCalculator: ICalculator, ITaxCalculator, ICanCalculate, ITransientDependency
{
}

TaxCalculator class only exposes ITaxCalculator interface. That means you can only inject ITaxCalculator, but can not inject TaxCalculator or ICalculator in your application.

Exposed Services by Convention

If you do not specify which services to expose, ABP expose services by convention. So taking the TaxCalculator defined above:

• The class itself is exposed by default. That means you can inject it by TaxCalculator class.
• Default interfaces are exposed by default. Default interfaces are determined by naming convention. In this example, ICalculator and ITaxCalculator are default interfaces of TaxCalculator, but ICanCalculate is not. A generic interface (e.g. ICalculator<string>) is also considered as a default interface if the naming convention is satisfied.
• The resolved instances will be the same if multiple services are exposed for Singleton and Scoped services. This behavior requires exposing the class itself.

Combining All Together

Combining attributes and interfaces is possible as long as it's meaningful.

[Dependency(ReplaceServices = true)]
[ExposeServices(typeof(ITaxCalculator))]
public class TaxCalculator : ITaxCalculator, ITransientDependency
{

}

ExposeKeyedService Attribute

ExposeKeyedServiceAttribute is used to control which keyed services are provided by the related class. Example:

[ExposeKeyedService<ITaxCalculator>("taxCalculator")]
[ExposeKeyedService<ICalculator>("calculator")]
public class TaxCalculator: ICalculator, ITaxCalculator, ICanCalculate, ITransientDependency
{
}

In the example above, the TaxCalculator class exposes the ITaxCalculator interface with the key taxCalculator and the ICalculator interface with the key calculator. That means you can get keyed services from the IServiceProvider as shown below:

var taxCalculator = ServiceProvider.GetRequiredKeyedService<ITaxCalculator>("taxCalculator");
var calculator = ServiceProvider.GetRequiredKeyedService<ICalculator>("calculator");

Also, you can use the FromKeyedServicesAttribute to resolve a certain keyed service in the constructor:

public class MyClass
{
    //...

    public MyClass([FromKeyedServices("taxCalculator")] ITaxCalculator taxCalculator)
    {
        TaxCalculator = taxCalculator;
    }
}

Notice that the ExposeKeyedServiceAttribute only exposes the keyed services. So, you can not inject the ITaxCalculator or ICalculator interfaces in your application without using the FromKeyedServicesAttribute as shown in the example above. If you want to expose both keyed and non-keyed services, you can use the ExposeServicesAttribute and ExposeKeyedServiceAttribute attributes together as shown below:

[ExposeKeyedService<ITaxCalculator>("taxCalculator")]
[ExposeKeyedService<ICalculator>("calculator")]
[ExposeServices(typeof(ITaxCalculator), typeof(ICalculator))]
public class TaxCalculator: ICalculator, ITaxCalculator, ICanCalculate, ITransientDependency
{
}

Manually Registering

In some cases, you may need to register a service to the IServiceCollection manually, especially if you need to use custom factory methods or singleton instances. In that case, you can directly add services just as Microsoft documentation describes. Example:

public class BlogModule : AbpModule
{
    public override void ConfigureServices(ServiceConfigurationContext context)
    {
        //Register an instance as singleton
        context.Services.AddSingleton<TaxCalculator>(new TaxCalculator(taxRatio: 0.18));

        //Register a factory method that resolves from IServiceProvider
        context.Services.AddScoped<ITaxCalculator>(
            sp => sp.GetRequiredService<TaxCalculator>()
        );
    }
}

Replace a Service

If you need to replace an existing service (defined by the ABP or another module dependency), you have two options;

1. Use the Dependency attribute of the ABP as explained above.
2. Use the IServiceCollection.Replace method of the Microsoft Dependency Injection library. Example:

public class MyModule : AbpModule
{
    public override void ConfigureServices(ServiceConfigurationContext context)
    {
        //Replacing the IConnectionStringResolver service
        context.Services.Replace(
            ServiceDescriptor.Transient<
            	IConnectionStringResolver,
                MyConnectionStringResolver
            >());
    }
}

Injecting Dependencies

There are three common ways of using a service that has already been registered.

Constructor Injection

This is the most common way of injecting a service into a class. For example:

public class TaxAppService : ApplicationService
{
    private readonly ITaxCalculator _taxCalculator;

    public TaxAppService(ITaxCalculator taxCalculator)
    {
        _taxCalculator = taxCalculator;
    }

    public async Task DoSomethingAsync()
    {
        //...use _taxCalculator...
    }
}

TaxAppService gets ITaxCalculator in its constructor. The dependency injection system automatically provides the requested service at runtime.

Constructor injection is preffered way of injecting dependencies to a class. In that way, the class can not be constructed unless all constructor-injected dependencies are provided. Thus, the class explicitly declares it's required services.

Property Injection

Property injection is not supported by Microsoft Dependency Injection library. However, ABP can integrate with 3rd-party DI providers (Autofac, for example) to make property injection possible. Example:

public class MyService : ITransientDependency
{
    public ILogger<MyService> Logger { get; set; }

    public MyService()
    {
        Logger = NullLogger<MyService>.Instance;
    }

    public async Task DoSomethingAsync()
    {
        //...use Logger to write logs...
    }
}

For a property-injection dependency, you declare a public property with public setter. This allows the DI framework to set it after creating your class.

Property injected dependencies are generally considered as optional dependencies. That means the service can properly work without them. Logger is such a dependency, MyService can continue to work without logging.

To make the dependency properly optional, we generally set a default/fallback value to the dependency. In this sample, NullLogger is used as fallback. Thus, MyService can work but does not write logs if DI framework or you don't set Logger property after creating MyService.

One restriction of property injection is that you cannot use the dependency in your constructor, since it's set after the object construction.

Property injection is also useful when you want to design a base class that has some common services injected by default. If you're going to use constructor injection, all derived classes should also inject depended services into their own constructors which makes development harder. However, be very careful using property injection for non-optional services as it makes it harder to clearly see the requirements of a class.

DisablePropertyInjection Attribute

You can use [DisablePropertyInjection] attribute on classes or their properties to disable property injection for the whole class or some specific properties.

// Disabling for all properties of the MyService class
[DisablePropertyInjection]
public class MyService : ITransientDependency
{
    public ILogger<MyService> Logger { get; set; }
    
    public ITaxCalculator TaxCalculator { get; set; }
}

// Disabling only for the TaxCalculator property
public class MyService : ITransientDependency
{
    public ILogger<MyService> Logger { get; set; }

    [DisablePropertyInjection]
    public ITaxCalculator TaxCalculator { get; set; }
}

IInjectPropertiesService

You can use the IInjectPropertiesService service to inject properties of an object. Generally, it is a service outside of DI, such as manually created services.

var injectPropertiesService = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IInjectPropertiesService>();
var instance = new TestService();

// Set any properties on instance that can be resolved by IServiceProvider.
injectPropertiesService.InjectProperties(instance);

// Set any null-valued properties on instance that can be resolved by the IServiceProvider.
injectPropertiesService.InjectUnsetProperties(instance);

Resolve Service from IServiceProvider

You may want to resolve a service directly from IServiceProvider. In that case, you can inject IServiceProvider into your class and use the GetService or the GetRequiredService method as shown below:

public class MyService : ITransientDependency
{
    private readonly ITaxCalculator _taxCalculator;

    public MyService(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
    {
        _taxCalculator = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<ITaxCalculator>();
    }
}

Dealing with multiple implementations

You can register multiple implementations of the same service interface. Assume that you have an IExternalLogger interface with two implementations:

public interface IExternalLogger
{
    Task LogAsync(string logText);
}

public class ElasticsearchExternalLogger : IExternalLogger
{
    public async Task LogAsync(string logText)
    {
        //TODO...
    }
}

public class AzureExternalLogger : IExternalLogger
{
    public Task LogAsync(string logText)
    {
        throw new System.NotImplementedException();
    }
}

In this example, we haven't registered any of the implementation classes to the dependency injection system yet. So, if we try to inject the IExternalLogger interface, we get an error indicating that no implementation found.

If we register both of the ElasticsearchExternalLogger and AzureExternalLogger services for the IExternalLogger interface, and then try to inject the IExternalLogger interface, then the last registered implementation will be used.

An example service injecting the IExternalLogger interface:

public class MyService : ITransientDependency
{
    private readonly IExternalLogger _externalLogger;

    public MyService(IExternalLogger externalLogger)
    {
        _externalLogger = externalLogger;
    }

    public async Task DemoAsync()
    {
        await _externalLogger.LogAsync("Example log message...");
    }
}

Here, as said before, we get the last registered implementation. However, how to determine the last registered implementation?

If we implement one of the dependency interfaces (e.g. ITransientDependency), then the registration order will be uncertain (it may depend on the namespaces of the classes). The last registered implementation can be different than you expect. So, it is not suggested to use the dependency interfaces to register multiple implementations.

You can register your services in the ConfigureServices method of your module:

public override void ConfigureServices(ServiceConfigurationContext context)
{
    context.Services.AddTransient<IExternalLogger, ElasticsearchExternalLogger>();
    context.Services.AddTransient<IExternalLogger, AzureExternalLogger>();
}

In this case, you get an AzureExternalLogger instance when you inject the IExternalLogger interface, because the last registered implementation is the AzureExternalLogger class.

When you have multiple implementation of an interface, you may want to work with all these implementations. Assume that you want to write log to all the external loggers. We can change the MyService implementation as the following:

public class MyService : ITransientDependency
{
    private readonly IEnumerable<IExternalLogger> _externalLoggers;

    public MyService(IEnumerable<IExternalLogger> externalLoggers)
    {
        _externalLoggers = externalLoggers;
    }

    public async Task DemoAsync()
    {
        foreach (var externalLogger in _externalLoggers)
        {
            await externalLogger.LogAsync("Example log message...");
        }
    }
}

In this example, we are injecting IEnumerable<IExternalLogger> instead of IExternalLogger, so we have a collection of the IExternalLogger implementations. Then we are using a foreach loop to write the same log text to all the IExternalLogger implementations.

If you are using IServiceProvider to resolve dependencies, then use its GetServices method to obtain a collection of the service implementations:

IEnumerable<IExternalLogger> services = _serviceProvider.GetServices<IExternalLogger>();

Releasing/Disposing Services

If you used a constructor or property injection, you don't need to be concerned about releasing the service's resources. However, if you have resolved a service from IServiceProvider, in some cases, you might need to take care about releasing the service resources.

ASP.NET Core releases all services at the end of a current HTTP request, even if you directly resolved from IServiceProvider (assuming you injected IServiceProvider). But, there are several cases where you may want to release/dispose manually resolved services:

• Your code is executed outside of ASP.NET Core request and the executer hasn't handled the service scope.
• You only have a reference to the root service provider.
• You may want to immediately release & dispose services (for example, you may creating too many services with big memory usages and don't want to overuse the memory).

In any case, you can create a service scope block to safely and immediately release services:

using (var scope = _serviceProvider.CreateScope())
{
    var service1 = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IMyService1>();
    var service2 = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IMyService2>();
}

Both services are released when the created scope is disposed (at the end of the using block).

Cached Service Providers

ABP provides two special services to optimize resolving services from IServiceProvider. ICachedServiceProvider and ITransientCachedServiceProvider both inherits from the IServiceProvider interface and internally caches the resolved services, so you get the same service instance even if you resolve a service multiple times.

The main difference is the ICachedServiceProvider is itself registered as scoped, while the ITransientCachedServiceProvider is registered as transient to the dependency injection system.

The following example injects the ICachedServiceProvider service and resolves a service in the DoSomethingAsync method:

public class MyService : ITransientDependency
{
    private readonly ICachedServiceProvider _serviceProvider;

    public MyService(ICachedServiceProvider serviceProvider)
    {
        _serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
    }

    public async Task DoSomethingAsync()
    {
        var taxCalculator = _serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<ITaxCalculator>();
        // TODO: Use the taxCalculator
    }
}

With such a usage, you don't need to deal with creating service scopes and disposing the resolved services (as explained in the Releasing/Disposing Services section above). Because all the services resolved from the ICachedServiceProvider will be released once the service scope of the MyService instance is disposed. Also, you don't need to care about memory leaks (because of creating too many ITaxCalculator instances if we call DoSomethingAsync too many times), because only one ITaxCalculator instance is created, and it is reused.

Since ICachedServiceProvider and ITransientCachedServiceProvider extends the standard IServiceProvider interface, you can use all the extension method of the IServiceProvider interface on them. In addition, they provides some other methods to provide a default value or a factory method for the services that are not found (that means not registered to the dependency injection system). Notice that the default value (or the value returned from your factory method) is also cached and reused.

Use ICachedServiceProvider (instead of ITransientCachedServiceProvider) unless you need to create the service cache per usage. ITransientCachedServiceProvider guarantees that the created service instances are not shared with any other service, even they are in the same service scope. The services resolved from ICachedServiceProvider are shared with other services in the same service scope (in the same HTTP Request, for example), so it can be thought as more optimized.

ABP also provides the IAbpLazyServiceProvider service. It does exists for backward compatibility and works exactly same with the ITransientCachedServiceProvider service. So, use the ITransientCachedServiceProvider since the IAbpLazyServiceProvider might be removed in future ABP versions.

Another advantage of using ICachedServiceProvider is that, during an HTTP request, if a service's constructor requires injecting many dependencies, it can negatively impact performance, as the injected services may not all be used by the current request. By resolving services on-demand, performance degradation can be effectively avoided.

Advanced Features

IServiceCollection.OnRegistered Event

You may want to perform an action for every service registered to the dependency injection. In the PreConfigureServices method of your module, register a callback using the OnRegistered method as shown below:

public class AppModule : AbpModule
{
    public override void PreConfigureServices(ServiceConfigurationContext context)
    {
        context.Services.OnRegistered(ctx =>
        {
            var type = ctx.ImplementationType;
            //...
        });
    }
}

ImplementationType provides the service type. This callback is generally used to add interceptor to a service. Example:

public class AppModule : AbpModule
{
    public override void PreConfigureServices(ServiceConfigurationContext context)
    {
        context.Services.OnRegistered(ctx =>
        {
            if (ctx.ImplementationType.IsDefined(typeof(MyLogAttribute), true))
            {
                ctx.Interceptors.TryAdd<MyLogInterceptor>();
            }
        });
    }
}

This example simply checks if the service class has MyLogAttribute attribute and adds MyLogInterceptor to the interceptor list if so.

Notice that OnRegistered callback might be called multiple times for the same service class if it exposes more than one service/interface. So, it's safe to use Interceptors.TryAdd method instead of Interceptors.Add method. See the documentation of dynamic proxying / interceptors.

IServiceCollection.OnActivated Event

The OnActivated event is raised once a service is fully constructed. Here you can perform application-level tasks that depend on the service being fully constructed - these should be rare.

var serviceDescriptor = ServiceDescriptor.Transient<MyServer, MyServer>();
services.Add(serviceDescriptor);
if (setIsReadOnly)
{
    services.OnActivated(serviceDescriptor, x =>
    {
        x.Instance.As<MyServer>().IsReadOnly = true;
    });
}

Notice that OnActivated event can be registered multiple times for the same ServiceDescriptor.

3rd-Party Providers

While ABP has no core dependency to any 3rd-party DI provider, it's required to use a provider that supports dynamic proxying and some other advanced features to make some ABP features properly work.

Startup templates come with Autofac installed. See Autofac integration document for more information.

See Also

• ASP.NET Core Dependency Injection Best Practices, Tips & Tricks
• Video tutorial